The Russian military’s top brass came under increasing scrutiny on Wednesday as more details emerged of how at least 89 Russian soldiers, and possibly many more, were killed in a Ukrainian artillery attack on a single building.

The scene last weekend in the Russian-held eastern Ukrainian town of Makiivka, where the soldiers were temporarily stationed, appears to have been a recipe for disaster. Hundreds of Russian troops were reportedly clustered in a building close to the front line of the war, well within the range of the enemy’s Western-supplied precision artillery, possibly sitting close to an ammunition store, and perhaps unwittingly helping Kyiv’s forces to zero in on them.

It was one of the deadliest single attacks on the Kremlin’s forces since the war began more than 10 months ago, and the highest death toll in a single incident acknowledged so far by either side in the conflict.

Ukraine’s armed forces claimed the Makiivka strike killed around 400 mobilised Russian soldiers housed in a vocational school building. About 300 more of them were wounded, officials alleged. It wasn’t possible to verify either side’s claims due to the fighting.

The Russian military sought to blame the soldiers for their own deaths. Sergei Sevryukov said in a statement that their phone signals allowed Kyiv’s forces to “determine the co-ordinates of the location of military personnel” and launch a strike.

Emily Ferris, a Research Fellow on Russia and Eurasia at the Royal United Services Institute in London, told the Associated Press it is “very hard to verify” whether cellphone signalling and geolocation was to blame for the accurate strike.

Russian lieutenant general Sergei Sevryukov. Photo / AP

She noted that Russian soldiers on active duty are forbidden from using their phones — exactly because there have been so many instances in recent years of their being used for targeting, including by both sides in the Ukraine war. The conflict has made ample use of modern technology.

She also noted that blaming the soldiers themselves was a “helpful narrative” for Moscow, as it helps deflect criticism and steer attention toward the official cellphone ban.

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Russian President Vladimir Putin sought to move the conversation along too, as he took part via video link in a sending-off ceremony for a frigate equipped with the Russian navy’s new hypersonic missiles.

Putin said the Zircon missiles that the Admiral Gorshkov-class frigate was carrying were a “unique weapon” capable of flying at nine times the speed of sound and with a range of 1,000 kilometres. Russia says the missiles can’t be intercepted.

Meanwhile, away from the battlefields, France said on Wednesday it will send French-made AMX-10 RC light tanks to Ukraine — a first from a Western European country — following an afternoon phone call between French President Emmanuel Macron and Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy, also on Wednesday.

The French presidency didn’t say how many tanks would be delivered and when. The Nato member has given Ukraine anti-tank and air defence missiles, and rocket launchers.

The weekend Makiivka strike seemed to be the latest blow to the Kremlin’s military prestige as it struggles to advance the invasion of its neighbour amid a successful Ukrainian counteroffensive.

But Ferris, the analyst, said that “there should be a bit of caution around leaning too heavily on this [attack] as a sign of [the] Russian army’s weakness.”

As details of the strike have trickled out in recent days, some observers detected military sloppiness at the root of so many deaths.

Workers clean up the rubble after a Ukrainian rocket strike in Makiivka, the Russian-controlled region in Donetsk. Photo / AP

UK intelligence officials said on Wednesday that Moscow’s “unprofessional” military practices were likely partly to blame for the high casualties.

“Given the extent of the damage, there is a real possibility that ammunition was being stored near to troop accommodation, which detonated during the strike, creating secondary explosions,” the UK Defense Ministry said on Twitter.

In the same post, the ministry said the building struck by Ukrainian missiles was little more than 12 kilometres from the front line, within “one of the most contested areas of the conflict” in the partially Russian-occupied Donetsk region.

“The Russian military has a record of unsafe ammunition storage from well before the current war, but this incident highlights how unprofessional practices contribute to Russia’s high casualty rate,” the update added.

The Russian Defense Ministry, in a rare admission of losses, initially said the strike killed 63 troops. But as emergency crews searched the ruins, the death toll mounted. The regiment’s deputy commander was among the dead.

That stirred renewed criticism inside Russia of the way the broader military campaign is being handled by the Ministry of Defense.

Vladlen Tatarsky, a well-known military blogger, accused Russian generals of “demonstrating their own stupidity and misunderstanding of what’s going on [among] the troops, where everyone has cellphones.”

 “Moreover, in places where there’s coverage, artillery fire is often adjusted by phone. There are simply no other ways,” Tatarsky wrote in a Telegram post.

Others blamed the decision to station hundreds of troops in one place.

“The cellphone story is not too convincing,” military blogger Semyon Pegov wrote. “The only remedy is not to house personnel en masse in large buildings. Simply, not to house 500 people in one place, but spread them across 10 different locations.”

Unconfirmed reports in Russian-language media said the victims have mobilised reservists from the region of Samara, in southwestern Russia.

The Institute for the Study of Warsaw said the incident is further evidence that Moscow isn’t properly utilising the reservists it began calling up last September.

“Systemic failures in Russia’s force generation apparatus continue to plague personnel capabilities to the detriment of Russian operational capacity in Ukraine,” the think tank said in a report released late on Tuesday.

Ferris, of the Royal United Services Institute, said the Makiivka strike shows the Russian army is more interested in growing its number of troops, not in training them in wartime skills.

“That’s really how Russia conducts a lot of its warfare — by overwhelming the enemy with volume, with people,” she said. “The Kremlin view, unfortunately, is that soldiers’ lives are expendable.”

In a grinding battle of attrition, Russian forces have pressed their offensive on Bakhmut in Donetsk despite heavy losses. The Wagner Group, a private military contractor owned by Yevgeny Prigozhin, a millionaire businessman with close ties to Putin, has spearheaded the Bakhmut offensive.

US intelligence officials have determined that convicts Wagner pulled from prisons accounted for 90 per cent of Russian casualties in fighting for Bakhmut, according to a senior administration official who requested anonymity to discuss the finding.

The White House said last month that intelligence findings showed Wagner had some 50,000 personnel fighting in Ukraine, including 40,000 recruited convicts. The US assesses that Wagner is spending about $100 million (A$158 million) a month in the fight.